Search (1213 results, page 4 of 61)

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Abstract

Using citation data to assess research ultimately means using citation-based statistics to rank things.journals, papers, people, programs, and disciplines. The statistical tools used to rank these things are often misunderstood and misused. - For journals, the impact factor is most often used for ranking. This is a simple average derived from the distribution of citations for a collection of articles in the journal. The average captures only a small amount of information about that distribution, and it is a rather crude statistic. In addition, there are many confounding factors when judging journals by citations, and any comparison of journals requires caution when using impact factors. Using the impact factor alone to judge a journal is like using weight alone to judge a person's health. - For papers, instead of relying on the actual count of citations to compare individual papers, people frequently substitute the impact factor of the journals in which the papers appear. They believe that higher impact factors must mean higher citation counts. But this is often not the case! This is a pervasive misuse of statistics that needs to be challenged whenever and wherever it occurs. -For individual scientists, complete citation records can be difficult to compare. As a consequence, there have been attempts to find simple statistics that capture the full complexity of a scientist's citation record with a single number. The most notable of these is the h-index, which seems to be gaining in popularity. But even a casual inspection of the h-index and its variants shows that these are naive attempts to understand complicated citation records. While they capture a small amount of information about the distribution of a scientist's citations, they lose crucial information that is essential for the assessment of research.

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Abstract

Kim and Wilber present three techniques for the algorithmic identification in text of content bearing terms and phrases intended for human use as entry points or hyperlinks. Using a set of 1,075 terms from MEDLINE evaluated on a zero to four, stop word to definite content word scale, they evaluate the ranked lists of their three methods based on their placement of content words in the top ranks. Data consist of the natural language elements of 304,057 MEDLINE records from 1996, and 173,252 Wall Street Journal records from the TIPSTER collection. Phrases are extracted by breaking at punctuation marks and stop words, normalized by lower casing, replacement of nonalphanumerics with spaces, and the reduction of multiple spaces. In the ``strength of context'' approach each document is a vector of binary values for each word or word pair. The words or word pairs are removed from all documents, and the Robertson, Spark Jones relevance weight for each term computed, negative weights replaced with zero, those below a randomness threshold ignored, and the remainder summed for each document, to yield a score for the document and finally to assign to the term the average document score for documents in which it occurred. The average of these word scores is assigned to the original phrase. The ``frequency clumping'' approach defines a random phrase as one whose distribution among documents is Poisson in character. A pvalue, the probability that a phrase frequency of occurrence would be equal to, or less than, Poisson expectations is computed, and a score assigned which is the negative log of that value. In the ``database comparison'' approach if a phrase occurring in a document allows prediction that the document is in MEDLINE rather that in the Wall Street Journal, it is considered to be content bearing for MEDLINE. The score is computed by dividing the number of occurrences of the term in MEDLINE by occurrences in the Journal, and taking the product of all these values. The one hundred top and bottom ranked phrases that occurred in at least 500 documents were collected for each method. The union set had 476 phrases. A second selection was made of two word phrases occurring each in only three documents with a union of 599 phrases. A judge then ranked the two sets of terms as to subject specificity on a 0 to 4 scale. Precision was the average subject specificity of the first r ranks and recall the fraction of the subject specific phrases in the first r ranks and eleven point average precision was used as a summary measure. The three methods all move content bearing terms forward in the lists as does the use of the sum of the logs of the three methods.

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Abstract

The Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) has been developed over the course of more than a century, predating the semantic web by some time. Until the 1986, the only concept-toconcept relationship available was an undifferentiated "See Also" reference, which was used for both associative (RT) and hierarchical (BT/NT) connections. In that year, in preparation for the first release of the headings in machine readable MARC Authorities form, an attempt was made to automatically convert these "See Also" links into the standardized thesaural relations. Unfortunately, the rule used to determine the type of reference to generate relied on the presence of symmetric links to detect associatively related terms; "See Also" references that were only present in one of the related terms were assumed to be hierarchical. This left the process vulnerable to inconsistent use of references in the pre-conversion data, with a marked bias towards promoting relationships to hierarchical status. The Library of Congress was aware that the results of the conversion contained many inconsistencies, and intended to validate and correct the results over the course of time. Unfortunately, twenty years later, less than 40% of the converted records have been evaluated. The converted records, being the earliest encountered during the Library's cataloging activities, represent the most basic concepts within LCSH; errors in the syndetic structure for these records affect far more subordinate concepts than those nearer the periphery. Worse, a policy of patterning new headings after pre-existing ones leads to structural errors arising from the conversion process being replicated in these newer headings, perpetuating and exacerbating the errors. As the LCSH prepares for its second great conversion, from MARC to SKOS, it is critical to address these structural problems. As part of the work on converting the headings into SKOS, I have experimented with different visualizations of the tangled web of broader terms embedded in LCSH. This poster illustrates several of these renderings, shows how they can help users to judge which relationships might not be correct, and shows just exactly how Doorbells and Mammals are related.

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Abstract

Relevance is the central concept in information science because of its salience in designing and evaluating literature-based answering systems. It is salient when users seek information through human intermediaries, such as reference librarians, but becomes even more so when systems are automated and users must navigate them on their own. Designers of classic precomputer systems of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries appear to have been no less concerned with relevance than the information scientists of today. The concept has, however, proved difficult to define and operationalize. A common belief is that it is a relation between a user's request for information and the documents the system retrieves in response. Documents might be considered retrieval-worthy because they: 1) constitute evidence for or against a claim; 2) answer a question; or 3) simply match the request in topic. In practice, literature-based answering makes use of term-matching technology, and most evaluation of relevance has involved topical match as the primary criterion for acceptability. The standard table for evaluating the relation of retrieved documents to a request has only the values "relevant" and "not relevant," yet many analysts hold that relevance admits of degrees. Moreover, many analysts hold that users decide relevance on more dimensions than topical match. Who then can validly judge relevance? Is it only the person who put the request and who can evaluate a document on multiple dimensions? Or can surrogate judges perform this function on the basis of topicality? Such questions arise in a longstanding debate on whether relevance is objective or subjective. One proposal has been to reframe the debate in terms of relevance theory (imported from linguistic pragmatics), which makes relevance increase with a document's valuable cognitive effects and decrease with the effort needed to process it. This notion allows degree of topical match to contribute to relevance but allows other considerations to contribute as well. Since both cognitive effects and processing effort will differ across users, they can be taken as subjective, but users' decisions can also be objectively evaluated if the logic behind them is made explicit. Relevance seems problematical because the considerations that lead people to accept documents in literature searches, or to use them later in contexts such as citation, are seldom fully revealed. Once they are revealed, relevance may be seen as not only multidimensional and dynamic, but also understandable.

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Classification

ET 400 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Einzelgebiete der Sprachwissenschaft, Sprachbeschreibung / Semantik und Lexikologie / Allgemeines
ET 430 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Einzelgebiete der Sprachwissenschaft, Sprachbeschreibung / Semantik und Lexikologie / Synchrone Semantik / Allgemeines (Gesamtdarstellungen)

RVK

ET 400 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Einzelgebiete der Sprachwissenschaft, Sprachbeschreibung / Semantik und Lexikologie / Allgemeines
ET 430 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Einzelgebiete der Sprachwissenschaft, Sprachbeschreibung / Semantik und Lexikologie / Synchrone Semantik / Allgemeines (Gesamtdarstellungen)

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Source

Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie. 42(1995) H.5, S.465-480

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Abstract

SimTown wurde entwickelt, um Kindern die wichtigsten Konzepte der Wirtschaft (Angebot und Nachfrage), Ökologie (Rohstoffe, Umweltverschmutzung und Recycling) und Städteplanung (Gleichgewicht zwischen Wohnraum, Arbeitsplätzen und Erholungsstätten) auf einfache und unterhaltsame Art nahezubringen

Issue

PC CD-ROM Windows. 8 Jahre und älter.

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Abstract

Alte und neue Rechtschreibregeln

Issue

MS-DOS und Windows.

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Source

Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 58(2007) H.6/7, S.376-379

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Series

Philosophie und Geschichte der Wissenschaften; Bd.18

Source

Wirklichkeit und Wissen: Realismus, Antirealismus und Wirklichkeits-Konzeptionen in Philosophie und Wissenschaften. Hrsg.: H.J. Sandkühler

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Abstract

Data is everywhere - praktisch bei allen wissenschaftlichen, staatlichen, gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten entstehen sie. Die Daten werden erzeugt durch Befragungen, mobile und eingebettete Systeme, Sensoren, Beobachtungssysteme, wissenschaftliche Instrumente, Publikationen, Experimente, Simulationen, Auswertungen und Analysen. Bürger, Wissenschaftler, Forschende und Lehrende kommunizieren durch den Austausch von Daten, Software, Veröffentlichungen, Berichte, Simulationen und Visualisierungen. Darüber hinaus führen die zunehmende Nutzung der visuellen Kommunikation für Unterhaltung und zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen sowie die rasche Zunahme der sozialen Netzwerke zu riesigen Datenmengen. Daten von Observatorien, Experimenten und Umweltüberwachung sowie aus der Genforschung und dem Gesundheitswesen generieren eine Größenordnung von Daten alle zwei Jahre, die weit über das Mooresche Gesetz hinausgeht - und dabei ist noch kein Ende in Sicht. Wissenschaftliche Publikationen sind Datengrundlage für die weitere wissenschaftliche Arbeit und Publikationen.

Source

Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie. 60(2013) H.6, S.325-331

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Abstract

Mit dem Ziel, ihre Position als einer der führenden Hersteller von Bibliothekssystemen weiter auszubauen, übernimmt die OCLC PICA B.V. in Leiden (NL) die Sisis Informationssysteme GmbH in Oberhaching. Beide Unternehmen ergänzen sich hervorragend in technologischer Hinsichtwie auch im Servicebereich. Durch die entstehenden Synergien kann die neue, gestärkte Organisation ihre Produkte und Services künftig noch schneller und wirtschaftlicher anbieten.

Content

"Der stetige Wandel macht auch vor Bibliotheken nicht Halt. Immer wichtiger werden neue Geschäftsprozesse und die optimale Vernetzung der unterschiedlichen Arbeitsbereiche. Das Behaupten der Spitzenposition in diesem Markt erfordert ständige Investitionen und Ausbau der Ressourcen. Mit der Obernahme der Sisis Informationssysteme GmbH und den dort vorhandenen Kenntnissen und Fähigkeiten wurde ein effizienter Weg gefunden, die gegenwärtige Marktposition auszubauen und die Produktqualität weiter zu verbessern. Die Sisis Informationssysteme ist ein im Markt bekannter und erfolgreicher Anbieter von Bibliothekssystemen und Portallösungen mit Kunden in Deutschland, der Schweiz und den Niederlanden. Wie OCLC PICA suchte auch das Sisis Management nach Lösungen, um weiterhin in Produkte und Marktentwicklungen zu investieren und die erreichte Marktposition und Produktqualität auszubauen. Der erfolgte Zusammenschluss bietet hierfür die besten Voraussetzungen. Künftig werden OCLC PICA und Sisis ihre Technologien, Fähigkeiten und Methoden zum Vorteil ihrer Kunden gemeinsam nutzen und aufeinander abstimmen und einen besseren und vor allem kundennäheren Service anbieten können. Durch die Verstärkung des Entwicklungsbereichs kann der Ausbau der vorhandenen Produkte fachlich und funktional vorangetrieben werden. Die Kunden werden von der wechselseitigen Nutzung innovativer Komponenten und dem erweiterten Produktportfolio nur profitieren."

Footnote

Vgl.: www. oclcpica.org und www.sisis.de

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Abstract

Diese CD-ROM enthält eine multimediale Präsentation des Fachbereichs Informations- und Kommunikationswesen der FH Hannover, die über folgende Themen informiert: (1) Berufsbild der Informationspezialisten, Einsatzbereiche und Tätigkeiten (2) Geschichte des Fachbereichs, Gründung, Studentenzahlen, etc. (3) Vorstellung der Studiengänge des Fachbereichs unter Berücksichtigung der Berufsbilder, der Zulassungsbedingungen, der Studienorganisationen und der Praktikumsstellen (4) Ausstattung und Kapazitäten des Fachbereichs (5) Ausgewählte Diplom- und Projektarbeiten (6) Aktivitäten des Fachbereichs in Kooperation mit Partnerhochschulen, a.B. Auslandsprogramme und -projekte, Studenten-Summer-Seminare (7) Präsenz des Fachbereichs im WWW des Internet

Imprint

Hannover : FH, Fb Informations- und Kommunikationswesen

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Classification

ES 930 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Spezialbereiche der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft / Datenverarbeitung und Sprachwissenschaft. Computerlinguistik / Informationsbehandlung

RVK

ES 930 Allgemeine und vergleichende Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft. Indogermanistik. Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen / Spezialbereiche der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft / Datenverarbeitung und Sprachwissenschaft. Computerlinguistik / Informationsbehandlung

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Abstract

Auf dieser CD-ROM wird - für jung und alt - eines der schönsten Märchen multimedial zu neuem Leben erweckt. In schönen Bildern und lustigen Animationen, durch Musik und Sprache unterstützt, wird das Märchen vom 'Froschkönig' spannend erzählt

Issue

Windows- und Mac-Version.

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Abstract

Bietet neben rund 2.000 ausführlichen Tierbeschreibungen, Übersichtsartikeln und Sonderbeiträgen zu Tierverhalten und Lebensformen etwa 2.000 überwiegend farbige Fotos, Grafiken und Karten; zahlreiche Ton- und Videosequenzen; ein Glossar zur Erläuterung zoologischer Fachbegriffe; ein unterhaltsames und lehrreiches Quiz

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Abstract

LexisNexis ist einer der weltgrößten Anbieter von Wirtschafts- und Rechtsinformationen. Die Geschichte des heute zu Reed Elsevier gehörenden Unternehmens reicht bis in die 60er Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts. Von Anfang an verfolgte LexisNexis Volltextretrieval. Die internationale Abteilung von LexisNexis führt auf wichtigen nationalen Märkten jeweils regionale Produkte ein. In Deutschland sind dies "LexisNexis Recht" und "LexisNexis Wirtschaft". Der Artikel beschreibt auf der Basis von Nutzertests die genannten Produkte und analysiert den deutschen Markt und sein Umfeld. Abschließend werden Stärken und Schwächen, Chancen und Risiken von LexisNexis auf dem deutschen Informationsmarkt diskutiert.

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Abstract

Gutes Indexieren erfordert verschiedene Begabungen und Fertigkeiten. Obwohl einige davon angeboren sind, ist ein Training in den Prinzipien und Techniken des Indexierens unentbehrlich für den beruflichen Erfolg als Indexer. Der Lehrgang der Society of Indexers, der zur Qualifizierung eines akkreditierten Indexers führt, basiert auf britischen und internationalen Normen und besteht aus vier Lehrgangseinheiten. Die Beurteilung geschieht durch vier formale Tests, und die Lehrgangsteilnehmer müssen außerdem Online-Tutorials durcharbeiten und einen praktischen Indexierungs-Auftrag übernehmen. Für die Lehrgangsteilnehmer steht zusätzliche Unterstützung zur Verfügung und ein Workshop-Programm ist auf die Belange der Lehrgangsteilnehmer und der beteiligten Indexer zugeschnitten.

Source

Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 58(2007) H.8, S.407-409

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Abstract

Die schnelle Entwicklung der Internet- und Web-Technologie verändert den Stand der Technik in der Kommunikation von Wissen oder Forschungsergebnissen. Insbesondere werden semantische Technologien, verknüpfte und offene Daten zu entscheidenden Faktoren für einen erfolgreichen und effizienten Forschungsfortschritt. Zuerst definiere ich den Research Data Service (RDS) und diskutiere typische aktuelle und mögliche zukünftige Nutzungsszenarien mit RDS. Darüber hinaus bespreche ich den Stand der Technik in den Bereichen semantische Dienstleistung und Datenanmerkung und API-Konstruktion sowie infrastrukturelle Lösungen, die für die RDS-Realisierung anwendbar sind. Zum Schluss werden noch innovative Methoden der Online-Verbreitung, Förderung und effizienten Kommunikation der Forschung diskutiert.

Source

Mitteilungen der Vereinigung Österreichischer Bibliothekarinnen und Bibliothekare. 70(2017) H.2, S.157-169

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Abstract

Bericht von Buchmesse und DGI-Online-Tagung 2007.

Source

Information - Wissenschaft und Praxis. 59(2008) H.1, S.61-64