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  1. Coates, E.J.: Subject catalogues : headings and structure (1960) 0.11 
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    Classification
    AN 75000 Allgemeines / Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft / Bibliothekswesen / Sacherschließung in Bibliotheken / Allgemeines
    RVK
    AN 75000 Allgemeines / Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft / Bibliothekswesen / Sacherschließung in Bibliotheken / Allgemeines
  2. Russell, M.A.: Inconsistencies in subject headings in young adult resources (1991) 0.10 
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    Abstract
    Compares language-related subject headings used in 'Sears list of subject headings' and 'Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)'. Comments on the inconsistent application of subdivisions for the Spanish and French laguages and literature. Describes the results of a survey of student knowledge of subject headings
    Object
    Sears List of Subject Headings
  3. Jahns, Y.; Karg, H.: Translingual retrieval : Moving between vocabularies - MACS 2010 (2011) 0.10 
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    Abstract
    Within the multilingual framework of the CrissCross project, MACS (Multilingual Access to Subjects) has continued its work. MACS has developed a prototype of mappings between three vocabularies: the LCSH (Library of Congress Subject Headings), RAMEAU (Répertoire d'autorité-matière encyclopédique et alphabétique unifié) and the SWD (Schlagwortnormdatei). A database with a Link Management System (LMI), which allows for an easy linking between English, French and German subject headings, was created. The database started working with headings from the disciplines sports and theatre, but by now headings from all other fields of knowledge have been included as well. In 2008-2010, equivalencies between English and French headings which had been produced by the Bibliothèque nationale de France have been completed with the most important German SWD topical terms. Thus, more than 50.000 trilingual links are now available and can be used in different retrieval scenarios. It is planned to use them in The European Library (TEL) in order to support multilingual searches over all European National Library collections. The article informs about the project workflow, methodology of mapping and future applications of MACS links.
    Series
    Bibliotheca Academica - Reihe Informations- und Bibliothekswissenschaften; Bd. 1
  4. Studwell, W.E.: LC's head in the sand, or, why the Subject Cataloging Manual is not enough (1993) 0.10 
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    Footnote
    Bezugnahme auf: 'Subject cataloging manual: subject headings. 4th ed. Washington 1991' und Vorläufer
  5. Hunter, E.J.; Bakewell, K.G.B.: Cataloguing (1991) 0.10 
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    Abstract
    Eine Einführung in der Probleme der Formal- und Inhaltserschließung
    Content
    Revised to take account of the 1988 revision of AACR2, the publication of new ISBD texts, the changed format of LC subject headings and progress in computer applications
  6. Bellamy, L.M.; Bickham, L.: Thesaurus development for subject cataloging (1989) 0.10 
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    Abstract
    The biomedical book collection in the Genetech Library and Information Services was first inventoried and cataloged in 1983 when it totaled about 2000 titles. Cataloging records were retrieved from the OCLC system and used as a basis for cataloging. A year of cataloging produced a list of 1900 subject terms. More than one term describing the same concept often appears on the list, and no hierarchical structure related the terms to one another. As the collection grew, the subject catalog became increasingly inconsistent. To bring consistency to subject cataloging, a thesaurus of biomedical terms was constructed using the list of subject headings as a basis. This thesaurus follows the broad categories of the National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings and, with some exceptions, the Guidelines for the Establishment and Development of Monolingual Thesauri. It has enabled the cataloger in providing greater in-depth subject analysis of materials added to the collection and in consistently assigning subject headings to cataloging record.
    Theme
    Konzeption und Anwendung des Prinzips Thesaurus
  7. Jacobs, J.-H.; Mengel, T.; Müller, K.: Insights and Outlooks : a retrospective view on the CrissCross project (2011) 0.09 
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    Abstract
    This paper discusses goals, methods and benefits of the conceptual mapping approach developed by the CrissCross project, in the framework of which the topical headings of the German subject headings authority file Schlagwortnormdatei (SWD) have been mapped to notations of the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC). Projectspecific retrieval concepts for improving thematic access in heterogeneous information spaces are outlined and explained on the basis of significant examples.
    Series
    Bibliotheca Academica - Reihe Informations- und Bibliothekswissenschaften; Bd. 1
  8. Schadlich, T.: Changing from Sears to LC Subject Headings (1980) 0.09 
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    Object
    Sears List of Subject Headings
  9. Studwell, W.E.: Retrieving LC Subject Headings : long chains versus an increased number of headings (1989) 0.09 
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  10. Sears' List of Subject Headings : Canadian companion (1992) 0.09 
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    Object
    Sears List of Subject Headings
  11. Subject headings : the future of subdivisions in the Library of Congress Subject Headings system; report from the subject divisions conference sponsored by the Library of Congress, May 9-12, 1991 (1992) 0.09 
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    Content
    16 Beiträge zu: (*) Machine validation of subdivided headings, especially headings with free-floating subdivisions; (*) order and display of subdivides headings; (*) simplification of rules for assigning subdivisions; (*) creation of a national subject authority file
  12. Aikawa, H. (Bearb.): Guidelines on subject access to individual works of fiction, drama, etc. (2000) 0.09 
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    LCSH
    Form headings
    Subject headings / Literary form
    Subject headings / Literature
    Subject headings / Motion pictures
    Subject headings / Television programs
    Subject
    Form headings
    Subject headings / Literary form
    Subject headings / Literature
    Subject headings / Motion pictures
    Subject headings / Television programs
  13. McCorduck, P.: Machines who think : a personal inquiry into the history and prospects of artificial intelligence (2004) 0.09 
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    Footnote
    Rez. in. Spektrum der Wissenschaft. 2005, H.4, S.106-108 (A. Leßmöllmann): "Bereits im Titel steckt Stoff für ein paar grüblerische Nachmittage: »Maschinen, die denken«, provokant mit dem englischen Relativpronomen »who« formuliert, das doch für Belebtes, sogar Vernunftbegabtes reserviert ist. Denken Maschinen denn? Ja, sagt Pamela McCorduck in ihrer Nacherzählung der Geschichte der künstlichen Intelligenz (KI). Fußball spielende Roboter, Schach spielende Computerprogramme, »Such-Bots«, die auf kluge Weise Datenbanken durchstöbern - das sind alles Denker. Allerdings nutzen sie ihre künstlichen Hirne auf eigene Art. Maschinendenken kann ganz anders ablaufen als Menschendenken und trotzdem Denken sein, so das Credo der Autorin. Um das zu zeigen, entfacht sie ein DenkmaschinenFeuerwerk: Sie hat klug beobachtet, kennt die KI-Szene (zumindest in den USA) und nimmt uns mit auf eine unterhaltsame Reise durch die Geschichte der KI-Tüftelei. Eine Reise, die für sie mit der alten Frage verknüpft ist, wie wir Wissen sammeln, mit Maschinen spielen, denkende Maschinen zu unseren Gefährten machen: Bereits der hinkende Schmied und Zeussohn Hephaistos hatte intelligente Blasebälge, die ihm aufs Wort gehorchten. McCorduck berichtet vom Enthusiasmus der Pioniere wie des Kybernetikers Norbert Wiener (1894-1964) und des Mathematikers John von Neumann (1903-1957), auf den die Idee eines gespeicherten Computerprogramms zurückgeht; beide sahen sich durchaus in der Tradition eines Rabbi Löw (1520-1609), der im frühneuzeitlichen Prag den Golem erschuf. Sie erzählt von der folgenschweren Dartmouth-Konferenz 1956, bei der Marvin Minsky und andere, auch heute noch aktive Wortführer entschieden: Ein künstliches Hirn kann wie ein menschliches arbeiten, ohne notwendigerweise wie ein solches gebaut zu sein. Künstliches Denken kann also auf algorithmischem Weg funktionieren - indem ein Programm Befehle ausführt, genauer: Symbole verarbeitet. Nebenbei erklärt McCorduck auch dem technisch unwilligen Leser, wie das legendäre »Psychotherapie«-Programm Eliza (das zwar unintelligent, aber überraschend wirkungsvoll plapperte) und all die anderen Maschinchen im Inneren ticken. Auch die Kritiker lässt sie zu Wort kommen, Joseph Weizenbaum beispielsweise, den schon der Erfolg seiner Eliza ängstigte: Offenbar seien Menschen viel zu schnell bereit, in Maschinen Intelligenz - sogar Gefühl! - zu vermuten, und deswegen sollten wir lieber die Finger von der KI lassen, um uns nicht selbst eine Falle zu stellen. Das ist alles wunderbar durchdacht und mit Herzblut berichtet. Allerdings nicht neu: Der größte Teil des Buchs er schien bereits 1981, wurde in den USA ein Bestseller und in viele Sprachen übersetzt, auch ins Deutsche (»Denkmaschinen«).
    Die Neuauflage hat McCorduck mit einem Nachwort versehen. Auf diesen 100 Seiten durcheilt sie das fehlende Vierteljahrhundert: Die »Eiszeit« in den 1980ern, als sich niemand mehr von denkenden Maschinen zu reden traute - zu grandios waren selbst »einfache« Projekte, wie die maschinelle Übersetzung, mitsamt den investierten Forschungsmillionen den Bach hinuntergegangen. KI galt als Hort der Hybris und der haltlosen Versprechungen, die Idee, ein künstliches Gehirn zu erstellen, als absurd. Die Forschungsförderung, auch des Militärs, versiegte. Danach kam wieder Leben in die Eiswüste: »Deep Blue« schlug den Schachmeister Garri Kasparow; das künstliche Denken war plötzlich wieder salonfähig. Und auch die Ängste waren wieder da: Bill Joy, Erster Wissenschaftler des Betriebssysteme-Bauers Sun Microsystems, belebte passgenau vor der Jahrtausendwende auch deutsche Feuilletons, indem er vor einer Machtübernahme durch die Maschinen warnte. All das gibt einen guten Überblick. Die Inspiration der Erstauflage hat das Nachwort aber nicht: McCorduck reiht Ereignisse aneinander, spürt jedoch den tiefer liegenden Strömungen wenig nach. Überhaupt wirkt es verlegerisch ungeschickt, die letzten 25 Jahre als Appendix an das große Werk zu fügen. Denn in diesen Jahren hat eine Zäsur stattgefunden: Das »heroische« Zeitalter der KI - wie McCorduck es charakterisiert - ist in den meisten Labors längst abgeblasen worden. Heute spricht kaum noch jemand davon, eine intelligente Maschine schaffen zu wollen; selbst das Wort »Intelligenz« meidet man eher, um weder falsche Hoffnungen noch unnötige Ängste zu schüren. Bis auf wenige Ausnahmen wie den Roboterbauer Hans Moravec, der vollintegrierte und gesellschaftsfähige Kunstmenschen unverdrossen für das Jahr 2050 prophezeit, ist die KI pragmatisch geworden. Sie hat sich, wie McCorduck durchaus bemerkt, in viele Teildisziplinen aufgespalten und konzentriert sich aufs Machbare: Der Fußballroboter soll den Ball treffen, der Kanalkrabbler das Leck im Rohr finden, der Suchalgorithmus das richtige Ergebnis liefern, die Wissensbasis funktionieren. »Heroische« Großprojekte werden da eher mit schiefem Grinsen angesehen, wie die Wissensbasis »CyC« des Stanford-Professors Douglas Lenat, in der das gesamte Alltagswissen eines Menschen in Form von Regeln wie »Schneeweiß« und »Zahnarzt gelegentlich Schmerzen« codiert werden soll, um einer Maschine dadurch menschenähnliches Wissen einzuhauchen. Pamela McCorduck aber referiert über diese seit 1994 andauernde Hamsterarbeit stoisch ohne einen Anflug von Kritik. Auch die Hinwendung zum Körper schwingt bei ihr implizit mit, wenn sie die neuen Roboter bespricht, wird aber nicht als der Trend, der er ist, gewürdigt: Embodied AI, »verkörperte KI«, ermöglicht durch die boomende Sensortechnik, lagert viele Funktionen der zentralen Steuerung in die Peripherie aus, lässt also, anthropomorph gesprochen, den Körper zu Wort kommen und entlastet den Kopf. Ein schönes Pferd, auf das McCorduck hätte aufspringen können: Schließlich ist es genau ihr Metier, den Computer nicht bloß als Werkzeug, sondern als Erkenntnisobjekt zu nutzen, wie der Mensch sich selbst sieht - denn auch in die Philosophie haben ja Diskussionen zur Körperlichkeit Einzug gefunden. Weil sich so vieles geändert hat, wäre es vielleicht klug gewesen, ein neues Buch zu schreiben, statt einfach die neuen Entwicklungen an die alten anzuhängen. Und es ist wirklich schade, dass die Autorin, wie sie im Vorwort schreibt, nicht die Zeit fand, über die Grenzen der USA hinauszugehen. Auch in Lund, Darmstadt und Tokio werden interessante Dinge gebaut. Jedenfalls ist es inzwischen klar: »Machines who think« - dieser Satz ist an den Schläfen so grau wie viele der Pioniere der KI aus dem vergangenen heroischen Zeitalter. Heute ergänzt man den Ausspruch mit einem »nun ja, irgendwie - kind of«, zieht den Laborkittel an und schraubt weiter. Das Zeitalter der großen Versprechungen ist vorbei. Und das ist gut so."
  14. Principles underlying subject heading languages (SHLs) (1999) 0.09 
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    Classification
    AN 75400 Allgemeines / Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft / Bibliothekswesen / Sacherschließung in Bibliotheken / Schlagwortregeln, Schlagwortverzeichnis
    LCSH
    Subject headings
    RVK
    AN 75400 Allgemeines / Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft / Bibliothekswesen / Sacherschließung in Bibliotheken / Schlagwortregeln, Schlagwortverzeichnis
    Subject
    Subject headings
  15. Khosrowjerdi, M.; Sundqvist, A.; Byström, K.: Cultural patterns of information source use : a global study of 47 countries (2020) 0.08 
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    Abstract
    The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between national culture and information source use (ISU) on a global level. A secondary analysis was carried out on three different data sets. They were (a) country-level data on ISU from World Values Survey (2005-2009); (b) country-specific mean scores of Hofstede's national culture dimensions (HNCD) of individualism (IDV), power distance (PDI), time orientation, uncertainty avoidance (UAI), masculinity (MAS), and indulgence (IVR); and (c) measures of wealth. The analysis showed the importance of three national culture dimensions of PDI (the way people of a nation interact with authorities), IDV (the degree of centrality of person or groups in a country), and IVR (the agreeableness of joy and happiness in a country) for explaining the cross-cultural differences of ISU. The findings were explained through HNCD, and four cultural patterns of ISU were identified. However, further research is required to better understand the complex relationships of cultural factors, ISU, and other societal variables.
  16. Haykin, D.J.: Subject headings: a practical guide (1951) 0.08 
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  17. Rue, E.; LaPlante, E.: Subject headings for children's materials (1952) 0.08 
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  18. ¬A list of Australian subject headings (1981) 0.08 
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  19. Thesaurus of information technology terms (1988) 0.08 
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    LCSH
    Subject headings / Information technology
    Subject headings / Electronic data processing
    Subject
    Subject headings / Information technology
    Subject headings / Electronic data processing
  20. Mowery, R.L.: Spanish subject headings in ILLINET online (1995) 0.08 
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    Abstract
    Spansih subject headings can be used when searching ILLINET Online. Although Spanish language Bilindex subject headings have been available for more than a decade, the library literature has virtually ignored their existence. Provides a brief introduction to these headings, identifies several Illinois libraries which currently assign them, and presents some examples. Surveys various prospects and problems associated with their use

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