Search (1451 results, page 12 of 73)

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Abstract

A multitude of library catalogs are now being entered into the Internet. Their differing classification and subject headings systems used for subject access call for a switching system, a black box to facilitate the location of subject fields and their subjects in these systems. The principles on which such a switching system must be built in order to provide the necessary insight, surveyability, reproducebility and ease of concept combinability (e.g. in cases of interdisciplinary subjects) are outlined and compared with the BSO which hance once been established by the FID in order to serve a switching purpose. The advantages of using the Information Coding Classification (ICC) as a switching system in the Internet are demonstrated, likewise the methodology needed to establish the necessary correlation between library classification systems (and if possible also subject heading systems and thesauri) and the ICC. Finally some organizational implications for creating a switching for 6 universal systems in use are described

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Abstract

In subject cataloging of audiovisual materials generic terms like 'documentary' or 'absolute film' facilitate the work of users and librarians. On the concrete level the study shows 4 ways to make a list of generic terms for the application in general libraries. The heuristic function of the study is to offer methods towards the solution of problems in the field of subject cataloguing of non-book materials. (1) The formal subject heading in library science corresponds to generic terms; Anglo-American and German rules for subject cataloging, however, provide no list that is directly applicable. (2) The terminology of institutions administering many audiovisual documents has been examined; general libraries have to find a common denominator with medium depth of classification and balanced representation of fiction and nonfiction terms. (3) From encyclopedic definitions of generic terms 8 dimensions have been extracted characterizing the terms in question individually. (4) The contribution of communication science has been discussed explaining a research project

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Abstract

Reports results of an analysis of 205 randomly selected records from the OCLC OLUC, to test the assumption that online catalogues have greatly improved subject searching capabilities, over card catalogues, by making other fields in the records searchable as subject access points (SAPs). Results showed considerable overlap (duplication) among the SAPs provided by the title, subject heading and classification number fields. On average, little more than 4 unique, unduplicated access points were found per record. Where title and classification number fields do add some access points not provided by subject headings, the increase is less than many librarians might be expected. Suggests that OPACs might outperform catalogues more in precision than in recall by allowing greater discrimination in searching; terms from different fields may be combined; titles offer greater specifity; searches can be limited by date, language or other criteria

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Abstract

Offers a third alternative to the debate over subject vs. keyword searching in libraries. Provides a background of this facts underlying the debate, including the high failure rates among patron subject searches, driven by the public's overall failure to adequately learn proper controlled vocabulary syntax, and the high percentage of erroneous matches generated by keyword searches, driven by the fact that book titles may have nothing to do with the contents. Describes a hybrid approach that uses a keyword index of the subject field, and that reduces failure rates by 75% among one library's patrons. Reports that, in spite of a few remaining imperfections, this system seems to represent 'the ideal marriage of keyword and formal subject heading searching' for library patrons. Lists the Web site location of the catalogue on which the new system was developed

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Abstract

Describes the Intelligent Literature Search Assistant (ILSA) which demonstrates the possibilities of a fully automated cataloguing workbench in an object orientated environment. Although developed with OPAC users in mind, it can be very useful to cataloguers in aiding both classification and subject heading access. Also describes work done at the University of Strathclyde in the area of machine learning and knowledge based systems, the Structured Information Management: Processing and Retrieval project (SIMPR). Advocates the use of uncontrolled vocabulary headings in conjunction with systems like ILSA, a layered approach rather than direct first point access, in order to make subject cataloguing easier and more relevant and the subject catalogue more useful to others

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Abstract

Reports results of a questionnaire survey of UK academic libraries to determine the level of use of online public access catalogues (OPACs) and the development of inhouse subject indexes. 75 respondents reported having commercial systems and 7 reported inhouse systems. Data includes: named systems in use and numbers of libraries using each system; percentages of bibliographic records in machine readable format; types of materials; and record formats (UKMARC, LCMARC etc.) Reports the most common access points for searching the OPACs (author, keyword), methods of generating terms to be used for subject searching, subject heading sources (LCSH, MeSH, PRECIS) and classification schemes (Dewey (DDC), UDC). Results show that all universities and polytechnics now have OPACs and only the smaller colleges do not. OPACs are moving towards comprehensive covergae of academic library stocks with the MARC record the most popular format. The 3 main subject access strategies involve: LCSH, inhouse strategies, and strategies not based on controlled terminolgy. Draws heavily on the results of an earlier survey by Fran Slack (Vine 72(1988) Nov., S.8.12)

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Abstract

Organizing and providing access to resources on the internet has been a problem in spite of the availability of sophisticated search engines and other software tools. There have been several attempts to organize resources on the WWW, but to be successful we need to assign proper subject headings to them and present them in a logical or hierarchical sequence to cater to the need for browsing. This paper describes an experimental system to organize and provide access to web documents using a faceted pre-coordinate indexing system based on the Deep Structure Indexing System (DSIS) derived from POPSI (Postulate based Permuted Subject Indexing) of Bhattacharyya, and the facet analysis and chain indexing system of Ranganathan. A prototype software system has been designed to create a database of records for Web documents using the Dublin Core and a faceted subject heading according to DSIS. The prototype system, developed in Windows NT environment using ASP and web server, is undergoing testing

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Abstract

The rapid development of the Internet and World Wide Web has caused some critical problem for information retrieval. Researchers have made several attempts to solve these problems. Thesauri and subject heading lists as traditional information retrieval tools have been criticised for their efficiency to tackle these newly emerging problems. This paper proposes an information retrieval tool generated by cocitation analysis, comprising keyword clusters with relationships based on the co-occurrences of keywords in the literature. Such a tool can play the role of an associative thesaurus that can provide information about the keywords in a domain that might be useful for information searching and query expansion

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Abstract

Mapping a multidimensional universe of subjects for linear representation, such as in class number, subject heading, and faset structure is problematic. Into this context is recalled the near-seminal and postulational approach suggested by S. R Ranganathan. The non-hierarchical associative relationship or lateral relationship (LR) is distinguished at different levels-among information sources, databases, records of databases, and among concepts (LR-0). Over thirty lateral relationships at the concept level (LR-0) are identified and enumerated with examples from spiritual and religious texts. Special issues relating to LR-0 in multicultural, multilingual databases intended to be used globally by peoples of different cultures and faith are discussed, using as example the multimedia OM Information Service. Vocabulary assistance for users is described.

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Abstract

n this article, we report on the first large-scale study of end-user understanding of subject headings. Our objectives were to determine the extent to which children and adults understood subdivided subject headings and to suggest improvements for improving understanding of subject headings. The 1991 Library of Congress Subject Subdivisions Conference suggested standardizing the order of subject subdivisions for the purpose of simplifying subject cataloging, which served as the impetus for the study. We demonstrated that adults understood subject headings better than children; however, both adults and children assigned correct meanings to less than half of the subject headings they examined. Neither subject heading context nor subdivision order had an effect on understanding. Based on our findings, we challenge the library community to make major changes to the Library of Congress Subject Headings system that have the potential to increase end-user understanding of subject headings.

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Abstract

This paper focuses on the need for knowledge organization (KO) tools, such as library classifications, thesauri and subject heading systems, to be fully disclosed and available in the open network environment. The authors look at the place and value of traditional library knowledge organization tools in relation to the technical environment and expectations of the Semantic Web. Future requirements in this context are explored, stressing the need for KO systems to support semantic interoperability. In order to be fully shareable KO tools need to be reframed and reshaped in terms of conceptual and data models. The authors suggest that some useful approaches to this already exist in methodological and technical developments within the fields of ontology modelling and lexicographic and terminological data interchange.

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Abstract

The syntactic and semantic consistency of the subject headings of Library of Congress is a matter of concern to cataloguers who must use appropriate terminologies to describe library materials undergoing processing. This paper looks at the structure of these headings by analyzing comparatively the syntactic types that make up the structures as listed in Literature and Librarianship on pages 3075 to 3085 and 3114 to 3117 respectively. Their semantic implications are also highlighted. Consistency and specificity are terms often used in criticizing LCSH. This paper examines the application of these two concepts on the structures believing that a thorough understanding of the syntactic types would help the cataloguer to determine the most appropriate and specific heading to use.

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Abstract

In 1943 the Japanese League of Young Librarians published Nippon Catalog Rules (NCR1942) based on ALA 1908, and adopted the author main-entry system for Japanese and Western materials. After World War II, the Japan Library Association (JLA) compiled and published NCR1952, based on ALA 1949 and LC 1949 but maintained the author main-entry system. The main-entry system was then replaced by an alternative heading method, which came to be known as the Description-Independent-System (DIS). NCR1965 adopted the main entry principle, which was based on the Paris Principles of 1961. NCR1977 was compiled and published by the JLA Cataloging Committee and based upon a "no-main-entry principle." Then in 1987, the Committee published the standard edition of the rules, which was completely compatible with the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD). NCR1987R was published in 1994 and NCR1987R01 in 2001, which included revised "Chapter 9: Computer Files," devised according to ISBD(ER).

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Abstract

This paper presents a brief account of cataloging and classification education in Iran. The number of universities with library and information science departments is given along with content of the courses taught on cataloging and classification. Cataloging rules, subject heading lists and classification schedules taught are discussed. Changes of the curricula over the past 5-10 years as well as anticipated changes over the next 5-10 years are enumerated. Degrees awarded, number of faculty teaching in the area of cataloging and classification and the number of students taking cataloging related coursework for a year or semester are the other topics covered by the paper. The role of teaching assistants and the practicum of students in library cataloging and/or cataloging related departments are also discussed.

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Abstract

After a fundamental examination of the phenomenon of time, this paper presents the history, authority, and structure of period subdivisions and chronological terms in the three subject heading languages LCSH (Library of Congress Subject Headings), RAMEAU (Répertoire d'Autorité Matière Encyclopédique et Alphabétique Unifié), and RSWK (Regeln für den Schlagwortkatalog). Their usefulness in online searching is demonstrated using the online catalogs of the Library of Congress, the Bibliothèque nationale de France, and the Deutsche Bibliothek and is compared to the search options in selected digital encyclopedias (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encarta, Brockhaus-Enzyklopädie). The author develops a model for common time retrieval across all three online catalogs, outlines the conditions for that model (time period code, chronological code, and chronology authority file), and proposes a search interface.

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Abstract

A broad and diverse compendium of underutilized information is available in pamphlet format in the academic library. Its enhanced use is impeded by the lack of an effective means of catalog access. The traditional library practice of accessing pamphlets by a single subject heading assignment/arrangement greatly limits accessibility. The alternative of full cataloging regularly accorded books is generally provided only for selected pamphlets for reasons of cost. It is suggested that the provision of AACR2 first level of description may be a desirable and practical compromise between single subject assignment and full cataloging. The availability and ease of access to the information required for inclusion in cataloging of this type is examined based on a survey of pamphlets cataloged for the collections of the University Libraries at California State University, Northridge.

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Abstract

This study analyzes the Library of Congress (LC) class numbers and the LC subject headings which LC has assigned to 164 works of history and criticism of literature (belles lettres) related to women's studies. These books were classed in more than one hundred different class numbers and spans of numbers. Less than half of these books were assigned to class numbers in PA-PT whose captions contain either the word "women" or another word which points to women's studies, but slightly more than half were assigned "literature" subject headings which contain the words "women," "feminism," "feminist," or "sex role." The subject heading "Women in literature" was assigned to forty of these books, while the words "women authors" appear in a series of different subject headings assigned to forty-five of these books.

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Abstract

Central to subject searching is the match between user vocabulary and the headings from Library of Congress Subject-Headings (LCSH) used in a library catalog. This paper evaluates previous matching studies, proposes a detailed list of matching categories, and tests LCSH in a study using these categories. Exact and partial match categories are defined for single LCSH and multiple LCSH matches to user expressions. One no-match category is included. Transaction logs from ORION, UCLA's online Information system, were used to collect user expressions for a comparison of LCSH and user language. Results show that single LCSH headings match user expressions exactly about 47% of the time; that single subject heading matches, including exact matches, comprise 74% of the total; that partial matches, to both single and multiple headings, comprise about 21% of the total; and that no match occurs 5% of the time.

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Abstract

Reports results of a study to determine whether the subject searching of masters theses could be based on titles, so providing a short cut in the cataloguing of theses in libraries with backlogs of such materials in their cataloguing departments. The initial part of the study compared the first word of a Library of Congress Subject Heading with words in the title of each thesis in a sample to fing how often there was a match. Results indicate that an increase in the number of words that appear in the titles do not improve the probability of a match. On the contrary, fewer words in the title increased the probability of a match. The second part of the study was more qualitative in nature and suggested some of the reasons for the lack of a match between subject concept and title concept